Welcome to the Aurora OpenShift Platform of the Norwegian Tax Administration (NTA) on GitHub. The Norwegian Tax Administration is an agency under the authority of the Ministry of Finance and is responsible for taxation and the population register.
These pages on GitHub are the home of the initiative to open source the platform that runs part of the NTA's digital tax and customs services; the Aurora OpenShift Platform.
This document will describe what the Aurora OpenShift Platform is and how it came to be. It will also cover how we are organized for developing software and our development process - including how we use the platform to build and deploy our applications, and our guidelines and requirements to applications using the platform.
The work on what would become the Aurora OpenShift Platform started late in 2014 in the wake of a major project to modernize the handling of the foundational data for most tax calculations in Norway. The project identified during its course the need for a common platform for running and handling the vast amount of micro services across development, test and reference environments that the project produced, and that would be produced by even larger projects down the line.
A technology evaluation phase revealed the Red Hat OpenShift Container Platform (then Red Hat OpenShift Origin 3.0) to be the most appropriate technology to base a new common platform on. Most of 2015 was spent on getting the first few applications successfully running on OpenShift and device a suitable strategy for running, configuring and managing all the applications that would, in time, be running on the platform.
As time passed it became clear that Kubernetes based OpenShift was an extremely capable platform for running our applications. We also realized that handling integration with the other infrastructure components (like database servers, logging/metrics/monitoring tools, and security infrastructure), and handling the sheer amount of application instances and application runtime environments with all their associated application versions, configurations and delivery schedules required more than OpenShift alone could provide.
In the course of getting the first few applications running on OpenShift, quite a few departments of the NTA had been involved in some sort of automation and integration work with the platform; some of them major undertakings. By the end of 2016, as the tools and services that provided those integrations matured and got structured, a select set of them became collectivly known as the Aurora OpenShift Platform.
In December 2016 it was decided that as much possible of the Aurora OpenShift Platform should be open sourced under an APL 2.0 compatible license.
The Norwegian Tax Administration maintains millions of lines of code and employs 800 people in software development, IT operations, management and supporting roles. When the need for new software arises - to either replace existing systems or to handle new or changed responsibilities - a project is created for that purpose. The projects are often supported with external consultants, and when complete they are transferred to the Line. The Line will maintain and support the software over time, usually decades, and will initially be staffed with personnel from both the project and from the Line itself.
Even before we started exploring OpenShift we knew that we would have to automate integration with our existing infrastructure regardless of the platform we would end up using - so doing some sort of common initiative to provide automation and integration services was given from the get-go. As we familiarized ourselves with OpenShift we saw that there were several other areas that would also benefit from a central, common effort.
It was important to us that supporting applications on the platform developed by different teams, often with personnel unfamiliar with developing software for the NTA, should be pretty much the same regardless of who developed it. For instance, rolling out a Java Virtual Machine patch should be exactly the same for all applications, and it should be possible for us to roll out such a patch for all applications across all environments in one go. Similarly, the process of upgrading an application developed by one team deployed to a specific environment should be exactly the same for any other application developed by a completely different team. Additionally, we wanted configuration to be handled the same for all applications across all environments.
One of the things that struck us after getting some experience with OpenShift was how flexible it was to work with. Although the platform certainly comes with its fair share of requirements and idiosyncrasies, we found that there was hardly anything we were not able to do. However, we also very quickly realized that with all this flexibility comes a quite steep learning curve on how "to do things right", and allowing individual teams to freely develop their own strategies on how to use OpenShift would bear with it a high cost of entry, slower internal adoption and difficulties streamlining maintenance and deployment activities across teams. Also, there were few obvious upsides to letting teams freely use OpenShift their own way. For instance, we were hard press to find good answers to questions like;
Going back and forth, we almost always ended up at "not a whole lot". It became pretty clear that a common effort to coordinate how the teams should use the platform and maintain reusable components and services was a good idea.
The Aurora OpenShift Platform is everything the Norwegian Tax Administration has developed to support application configuration, deployment and management on OpenShift, common application base images, and a common build and versioning mechanism for application archives and Docker images. A collect set of infrastructure integration and automation components are also considered part of the platform.
The main user facing components implementing these mechanisms are:
The coming sections will describe these components in more detail.
Coding an application targeted at the Aurora OpenShift Platform follows closely the principles of the Twelve-Factor App from Heroku. Additionally the following requirements must be met;
Additionally we prefer that the applications are built via Jenkins and that the source repository of the application contains a Jenkinsfile that describes the build process. Ideally, the Jenkinsfile uses our common Jenkins pipeline scripts (making the Jenkinsfile less than 10 lines of code).
We provide a Tailored Service Template openshift-reference-springboot-server for a standard application that fulfill all these demands that teams building new applications can use to get started.
Once the Delivery Bundle has been uploaded to Nexus we trigger (or create) an OpenShift BuildConfig for that specific artifact (identified by the groupId and artifactId that was used when uploading to Nexus). We also provide the version of the artifact that was just built as a parameter to the build.
The BuildConfig is configured to use the OpenShift Container Platform’s Custom build strategy and we have created our own Docker image, dubbed Architect, to build an application Docker image from the Delivery Bundle based on our Java base image, dubbed Wingnut.
In addition to building the application image, Architect is also responsible for tagging the produced image with several application and platform specific version tags that is the underpinning of our flexible deployment strategy.
Architect, Wingnut, our versioning strategy and our deployment strategy are described in more detail below.
In addition to passing parameters to Architect, the BuildConfig is also configured with two ImageChange triggers. One for Architect and one for Wingnut. This allows us to use OpenShift to automatically trigger a build of the most recent version of any application when we release a new version of either Architect or Wingnut.
Architect is a Docker image built upon Alpine Linux that is responsible for building all our application images. It is designed to work as an OpenShift CustomBuilder and is mostly triggered from BuildConfigs. It will download a prebuilt Delivery Bundle artifact from Nexus based on the groupId, artifactId and version (GAV) provided as parameters and inspect the metadata/openshift.json-file in the bundle to determine the technology used by the application. Based on the technology used, a suitable base image will be selected and the build process determined. The build processes for the different technologies are implemented as generated Dockerfiles and will vary depending on the runtime technology used.
In addition to adding the Java application from the Delivery Bundle, a Java build will also add a custom certificate store and our common logback.xml configuration file to the generated image. Applications are encouraged to use this logback-file instead of providing their own to make sure that they are in compliance with the logging requirements.
For our Java applications, Architect supports generating a start script based on a few parameters set in the metadata/openshift.json-file. Though not a requirement at this time (applications may provide their own start script), providing a mechanism for automatically generating a start script has a few major benefits;
Additionally, the generated start script will create a deterministic class path from the lib folder, set JVM_OPTS and APPLICATION_ARGS from the openshift.json file and optionally enable remote debugging.
The start script we use is heavily inspired by several other similar solutions, chief among them run-java-sh.
In addition to generating application and technology specific start scripts we also provide a required wrapper script that acts as the actual entry point of the application Docker image. This script will, among a few other things, read configuration files that have been mounted into the container and make them available as environment variables for the application. This process is described in more detail later.
After the application Docker image has been built it is pushed to our internal Docker registry. We also tag the image with several version tags to support our deployment strategy. Our versioning strategy is described below.
The structure of the final application Docker image is affected not only by the application Delivery Bundle, but also on the specific version of Architect that was used to build the image, and the version of the base image that was used. This means that even if the application version does not change, we may still produce entirely different images by changing the version of Architect or the base image. To reflect these dependencies, when tagging the image with the final version, the version tag used contains not only the application version, but also the versions of Architect and the base image, along with the base image name. We call this composite version tag the AuroraVersion and an example can be seen in the diagram below;
When the application has a semver compliant version we additionally push individual tags for the major version, for the major and minor version combined, for the major, minor and patch version combined, and finally the latest tag. An example is provided in the following diagram;
A snapshot version is a version string that ends with the literal "-SNAPSHOT", like "1.0.0-SNAPSHOT" or "some_new_feature-SNAPSHOT". When building a snapshot release, in addition to the AuroraVersion, we also push two snapshot tags. Using "some_new_feature-SNAPSHOT" as an example we push
By applying this versioning strategy to our Docker images we in turn get tremendous flexibility when it comes to deploying and patching our applications on OpenShift. Our deployment and patching strategy is described next.
When deploying new applications to OpenShift we always use our proprietary AO command line tool. This tool ensures that all deployed applications follow the same basic pattern. AO is described in depth later so we will not go into all the details here, but for the purposes of describing our deployment and patching strategy we need to highlight a couple of the objects that AO generates.
Based on the configuration files given to AO, we generate the OpenShift objects that are required to run the application. We generate one ImageStream for each application we deploy. This ImageStream contains one (and only one) scheduled tag. We then generate a DeploymentConfig with a single container that uses the previously generated ImageStream and scheduled tag as its image reference. We also register a ImageChangeTrigger to trigger redeploys when the tag in the ImageStream changes.
To deploy the application we simply change the Docker tag that the scheduled tag in the ImageStream points to to the application version we want to run. The application version can be any of the tags we have previously tagged the image with (see "Image Versioning Strategy: The AuroraVersion"), and since the tag in the image stream is scheduled, it will pick up any changes to the tag that may occur as a result of building new application images. For instance, we can set the scheduled tag in the ImageStream to any of the following tags to determine the deployment strategy for a particular application:
In the following list, the term infrastructure refers to the versions of the base image and Architect in the AuroraVersion string.
Like we mentioned in the section "The Image Build Process" the OpenShift BuildConfig is configured with two ImageChange triggers. One for Architect and one for the base image. This allows us to automatically retrigger the build of an application image when new versions of either Architect or the base image are released. Commonly, when releasing for instance a new version of Wingnut, our base image for Java, with a new Java Runtime Environment version, hundreds of application images are automatically rebuilt - and in many cases, based on the deployment strategy for the individual applications, automatically redeployed by the platform.
Arriving at a strategy for configuring our applications for particular environments (development, test, etc) was a long and winding road, taking us back to the drawing board several times. We explored many of the off the shelf solutions for handling this, but in the end we did not want a runtime dependency for all our applications on a configuration service. In addition we struggled to find a product that actually suited our needs and fit into our network infrastructure.
We wanted a solution that would let us maintain several sets of configurations for an application, each set tailored to the environment the application would run in, and we also needed to support several versions of the configuration schema at the same time. For instance, version 1.0.0 of an application will often be configured differently than version 2.0.0 of that same application.
What we ended up doing was to let AO, from the AO config (described later), create a ConfigMap with a file that contains the configuration for the application in the environment it is being deployed to. This configuration file is mounted in the application Docker container by the DeploymentConfig, read by the entrypoint wrapper script (described in "The Application Image Builder: Architect") and exposed as environment variables for the application.
Using only environment variables for configuration allows us to configure applications using completely different runtime technologies the same way. In addition, many of our existing applications running outside OpenShift were already configured using environment variables, and thus would require little modification to their configuration handling to adapt to running on OpenShift. And, finally, we have no application runtime dependencies to third party services for configuration that may or may not be available at application startup, significantly reducing risk.
In order to support rapid development on the platform a variant of the image build process has been created. The Architect builder has received support for binary builds. This means that you can build a Delivery Bundle locally and then send it directly to the builder.
AO (Aurora OpenShift CLI) is our custom command line client for deploying applications to OpenShift.
We started out using OpenShift Templates in 2015. A go-template based template engine that takes a list of parameters and replaces it into objects before applying them to the cluster. For our needs this technology was and is severly lacking. - no support for conditional logic - no support for loops - no support for optionaly including and entire object We then created a bash wrapper around the templates that would generate objects for it and modify them afterwards. The config for this bash wrapper resided along side the application code. After som experience with this we found several issues with it - writing good bash is hard and testing tools are lacking - no client-server model, so we had to duplicate functionality in web dashboard - you had to commit and change code in repo to change config. That means triggereing new jenkins builds when not really needed. This lead to the design of the start of the AuroraAPI with the Boober, AuroraConfig and AO components.
The need for a custom command line client became apparent when we saw that the teams started developing their own scripts for deploying applications across different environments. These scripts quickly became quite complex, and while basically solving the same problems, they were implemented differently. We also wanted to avoid the teams having to maintain a huge set of OpenShift yaml or json files for their applications and because of the very limited functionality in the OpenShift template mechanism, the templates we created to mitigate that were not powerful enough on their own to be used entirely without some manipulation through scripting.
The first versions of AO interacted with OpenShift and supporting infrastructure directly, and though useful, it was hard to extend, reuse functionality and roll out fixes. Recent versions of AO is a simple frontend for the Aurora API, our core automation API on the Aurora OpenShift Platform. Over time, AO has matured into a tool not only for coordinating deployments to OpenShift, but also for triggering other infrastructure automation tasks.
Finally, a custom command line client would allow us to more easily make sure that the applications were deployed and configured the same, allowing us to make assumptions about applications when creating the Aurora Konsoll.
AO is driven by a set of configuration files (AuroraConfig) that describe how applications should be deployed and configured in different environments. The configuration files are organized in a hierarchy and are cascading, allowing us to share and overwrite configuration options across applications and environments. AO sends these configuration files to the Aurora API which in turn creates or updates the appropriate OpenShift objects (like DeploymentConfig, Service, Route) and performs other infrastructure automation tasks.
The following features can be configured in the AuroraConfig configuration
The setup process of AO is idempotent so calling it several times will only update the required parts in the old objects. After running AO on one single application the objects created on OpenShift is illustrated by the following diagram.
The Aurora Konsoll is our custom made companion web application to the of-the-shelf OpenShift Console. It does not replace the OpenShift Console, nor does it try to, but it adds quite a bit of functionality that the OpenShift Console does not have (and probably should not have). Some of it is related to viewing and manging infrastructure items like firewall openings, proxy configurations, certificates and database schemas, and does not have anything to do with OpenShift per se. Others take full advantage of the way we deploy our applications and provide powerful screens for displaying, configuring, upgrading and monitoring applications for different teams across environments.
The Aurora API is our platform automation API and provides endpoints used by both AO and the Aurora Konsoll. The main features of the API includes;
Although OpenShift provides many mechanisms for keeping applications running even when failures occur, of course, in the real world applications sometimes, unavoidably, still go down. If it is your responsibility to monitor applications on OpenShift, the native user interface is not actually great for that. It can be hard to get an overview of the status of all applications in an OpenShift project/namespace, and it is nearly impossible to get such an overview across namespaces. The support for providing application status to OpenShift is also quite limited; its either working properly, or it is not, and getting feedback for application troubleshooting is nearly completely absent.
We required quite a bit more of the platform to confidently monitor our applications, and one of the most prominent features of the Aurora Konsoll, the Application Monitoring Wallboard, addresses this. It presents a matrix of applications and environments with all their associated statuses. The information in the wallboard is in part provided by OpenShift and in part by the applications themselves, everything made available to the Wallboard via the Aurora API. In order for the Aurora API to provide all this information, the applications running on the Aurora OpenShift platform is required to implement our proprietary Management Interface (which is in part based on Spring Boot Actuator).
Information from the Management Interface of the applications in combination with information we collect about the applications from OpenShift via the OpenShift API collectively contributes to an aggregated application status that we call the AuroraStatus.